TGF-β is one of the main mediators involved in tissue remodeling in the asthmatic lung. This
profibrotic cytokine is produced by a number of cells, including macrophages, epithelial cells…

Bronchiectasis refers to both a clinical disease and a radiological appearance that has multiple
causes and can be associated with a range of conditions. Disease heterogeneity and the …

The aim of this review is to present a pictorial essay emphasizing the various patterns of
calcification in pulmonary nodules (PN) to aid diagnosis and to discuss the differential diagnosis …

Background Uncontrolled asthma remains a frequent cause of emergency department (ED)
visits and hospital admissions. Improper asthma inhaler device use is most likely one of the …

Background A 9-month regimen of isoniazid can prevent active tuberculosis in persons with
latent tuberculosis infection. However, the regimen has been associated with poor …

Aims The pathogenesis, viral localization and histopathological features of Middle East
respiratory syndrome – coronavirus ( MERS ‐CoV) in humans are not described sufficiently. The …

Antibody responses during tuberculosis were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay with a panel of 10 protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was shown that …

Background: Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection with isoniazid for 9 months is complicated
by poor patient adherence and the need for close follow-up of side effects, especially …

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) can be detected with immune based tests such as the
tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon gamma release assays (IGRA). Therapy for those with …

Background: The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been assessed in
Saudi Arabia. We aimed to assess the prevalence of individuals who were at risk of OSA in a …